This style is recognizable for its scraped, reworked surface, fractured linear energy, and gritty abstracted structure that feels both urban and bodily. It converts de Kooning’s later excavated painterliness into watercolor through stained layers, rubbed-out passages, and a dense mesh of marks that pulse between construction and erosion.

This style recalls nineteenth-century illustrated books, combining dense line systems, ornamental refinement and dramatic tonal massing. It is recognizable through richly worked surfaces, narrative print atmosphere and the elegant intricacy of Victorian engraving.